A polyatomic ion is an ion that consists of a molecule with covalent bonded atoms.
| oxidation state | −1 | +1 | +3 | +5 | +7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anion name | chloride | hypochlorite | chlorite | chlorate | perchlorate |
| formula | Cl− | ClO− | ClO2− | ClO3− | ClO4− |
| structure |  |
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Archive for February, 2007
Polyatomic Ions
Today we did an experiment about radioactive decay.
We used m&m`s to represent the radioactive nuclei.
This experiment showed us after each toss, the radioactive nuclei usually loses half of it.
In this stimulation it showed the half life, which is the decy of radioactive isotopes, but instead of isotopes we used m&ms.
We gathered up every group`s information, and the average were alike.
However, my group with Mara and Lauren had a bizarre result.
I think it is becauase of the m&m`s we used. The class used the small chocolate milk kind of m&m`s while our group used the big peanut butter ones. The difference in the shapes is probably the reason why. Most of our m&m`s were faced up. The result then were different. It was a very interesting experiment, and i had understand more about half life.
Radiation
Three types of Radiation
1) Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus. the charge of an alpha particle is +2 
2)Beta radiation: A beta particle is an electron , the charge of a beta particle is -1. 
3) Gamma Radiation is a high energy form of electromagnetic radiation, it is not a particle. 
＊ Radiation exposure can be decreased by shielding, distance, duration of exposure, and radioactive decay.
＊ Lead is a good example that is good for shielding gamma rays. ＊ Water is also a good shielding material.
＊ Radiation drops off as you move furthur away. 1/distance2
Bohr Model
Today in science we learned about the BOHR MODEL
The Bohr Model is like an atom model. It has electrions that are in the orbitals, or shells. there is an order of the electrons in each orbit. In the K shell there is only a maximum of 2 electrons 8 electrons for L shell and 8 electrons for the M shell, followed by 18 in the N shell.
NOTE: Elements that behave similarly have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell
This is what a Bohr model looks like.
this is a bohr model of chlorine
In class we watched Bill Nye video about atoms.
Separation.
Today in science class, we talked about a lot more types of separation.
Dissolving is when the solute(which is sold) dissolves in the solvent(often liquid).
After the solute is dissolved there is no solid left. Solutions are clear, Suspensions are cloudy.
this is a picture of sugar particles dissolving in water. Sugar is the solute and water is the solvent
Heat makes solid particles vibrate faster so they break apart more easily.
Concentration is how much of a given substance is mixed with another substance.To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.
we talked more about filtration , separation of mixtures.
Filtration involves separting substances on the basis of their size.
The filter paper has fibers that are meshed closely and forms small holes.Anything bigger than the hole wont go through (residue) and anything smaller than the holes can pass through (filtrate)
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Filtration is useful for separating suspensions like charcoalin water, orange juice with pult, and tomato juice etc. Also for mechanical mixtures like sand from rocks, or peas from boiling water.
Filtration is not useful for separating liquids or gases. It cannot be used ot separate parts of a solution for example salt water.
Evaporation and Crystallization
Evaporation is where atoms in a liquid state turns into a gas state as heat is added.
Water is condensing intro droplets after evaporating from a cup of hot tea.
You can make water evaporate faster by adding more heat.
Crystallization
is useful when you want to recover the solid.
Crystallization is the process of forming solid crystals from a solution.
this is an example of crystallization of shrubs.
Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatities (which is the speed of which a chemical element or compound evaporates.
This is a diagram of how distillation works.
Distillation is useful for separating solutions where you want to recover the liquid.
Last, we talked a little about the Atomic theory.
Scientist observed that elements combined in ratios of whole numbers to form compounds.
This picture has elements that are in John Dalton`s book of New System of Chemical Philosophy.
Different types of separation.
Today in science class, we learned about different types of separation. First we did an experiment using felt pens to see what colours makes it up.
this is an example of what we did
when the water is absorbed in the paper, the different colours that makes up the ink appears. This is called Chromatography Separation.
Second, we did filtration. We separated iron and water mixed together.
we folded the filter paper into more sections so the water would be separated faster.
folding the filter paper.
By using a funnel and an erlenmayer flask, we separated water from the iron bits.
This method is called Filtration
Third, we tried to separate sulphur and iron by using magnets.
Iron is magnetic, therefore the magnet can attract the iron while leaving sulphur out.
This is a common used separation to separate metal scraps.
this is an example of magnets separating iron from sawdusts.
The method is called magnetic separation.
Fourth, we talked about sewage treatments, how the sewage settles down while the water floats up.
Last, we also discussed about the separation of gas and water in oil tanks that are in cars. Also like in salad dressings where the oil separates from water.
Matter
On friday, we learned about matter. Matter is made up of atoms and particles. It has 3 types; solid, liquid or gas. Matter is also anything that has a volume and mass. Light, sound, speed, or energy is not types of matter. Types of matter are like water, air, or food. The states of matter changes as you add heat to it. Solid molecules are often close together, Liquid molecules are further apart and move through each other, Gas molecules are very far apart and often act as individual particles. We also learned about different types of mixtures. Homogenous mixtures are mixtures that sees to be one base. Heterogenous are mixtures that you can see to be 2 bases. Vegetable juices is an example of homogenous mixture. Salads and trail mixes are examples of heterogenous mixtures. In class, we did an experiment about heterogenous mixture, we mixed 2 color jellybeans together an see what color each person can get out of 5 jellybeans. This is an example of a mechanical mixture, where you can pick out, or separate it by hand. We learned a little about classifications of matter. Pure substances are substances that have the same properties throughout and is homogenous, it often has only one type of particle.Elements have 1 type of atom and cannot be broken down in simpler pieces.It also can be found in the periodic table. Compounds are made of 2 or more elements that can be broken down, but they still have the same properties throughout.
Today, we tried using potatoes to produce voltage but it didnt work and oranges did not work well either.
It is probably because it contains little amount of acid in it. However vinegar worked really well. We also found
a very interesting fact. The acid in vinegar seemed to have polished the penny but made the paper clip sort of
rusty. There are some chemical reactions toward the element and the vinegar. Lemon or Lime contains more acid and could work better.
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What other kinds of batteries are there?
- In order for the electricity to flow in situations other than within metals it needs an electrolyte , a solution that contains charged particles called ions. Many foods can provide the electrolyte needed to make a battery. Citric fruits in particular are good at this because among the ions present are those that make the citric fruits acidic and acids often help with the electrical conductivity.
Do they all need acid?
-Actually to make these things work, it is the different metals that are mostly responsible for making these events occur – but without the food providing the conducting solution those metals wouldnt work.
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[Homework:sheet of questions regarding safety]
1.) An acute hazardous chemical: a) shows it`s effect quickly.
2.)Acute hazardous chemicals show their reactions within: a)three hours
3.)The lead compound contained in leaded gasoline is: b) chronically hazardous.
4.)The symbol indicating a moderate explosive is: b) 7
5.) The symbol indicating a moderate fire hazard is: b)6
6.)The symbol indicating a slight corrosive danger is: e)4
7.)The symbol indicating an extreme poison is: c)9
8.)The symbol indicating a moderate poison is: a)5
9.)The symbol indicating a low fire hazard is: d)2
10.) Symbols indicate the product is: a) poisonous and flammable.
11.) An antidote is: c) a material that counteracts the effect of a hazardous chemical.
12.) Which of the following products contains an acid? a)vinegar
13.) Soaps and detergents help to remove oils from clothing because: a) they are able to form attractive forces with water and with oils.
14.)Compared to making suds in hard water, making suds in soft water requires: a)less soap
15.)Hard water is called hard because it contains: a) high concentration of dissolved substances.
16.) In which household situation below would you want to use a non-reactive chemical? d)storing food in the freezer.
17.)Symbol #1 indicates: a) compressed gass.
18.)Symbol #2 above indicates: d) other toxic effects.
19.)Symbol #3 above indicates: c) immediately, seriously toxic.
20.)Symbol #4 above indicates: e) corrosive.
21.)Symbol #5 above indicates: d) flammable & combustible
22.)Symbol #6 above indicates: b) oxidizer
23.)Symbol #7 above indicates: a) biohazard.
24.)Symbol #8 above indicates: e) dangerously reactive
lime batteries.
Today in science, we made an experiment about making batteries, voltage, using citrus fruits. We used lemon today. To make voltage out of it, first, you need 2 citric fruits. Then cut two lines in it, so you can put copper and zinc material in it. In today`s case, we used copper and zinc strips. After that there are lines that could clip the objects. One on the lines connects the 1rst lime`s copper strip with the 2nd lime`s zinc strip, and the 2 more lines are used to attach one copper strip and one zinc strip. After the lines are all connected, there is a device for measuring voltage, as the 2 other strips connect to the device line, there would be an increase in the voltage. Today the use of copper and zinc strips only had 0.4 voltage but then we changed it into a penny and a paperclip, the effect was much better. Other than that, today we also learned about the area of human hearing.
